Another Word For It Patrick Durusau on Topic Maps and Semantic Diversity

May 6, 2013

Erlang Camp 2013 is coming!

Filed under: Conferences,Erlang — Patrick Durusau @ 7:11 pm

Erlang Camp 2013 is coming! by Paolo D’Incau.

From the post:

Amsterdam: beautiful city of bicycles, canals and….. Erlang!

Nothing to do on Aug 30-31, 2013? What about travelling to the lovely city of Amsterdam and attend the Erlang Camp 2013?

If you have been following my blog for a while you should already know what Erlang Camp is: an intensive two day learning experience focused on getting you up to speed on creating large scale, fault tolerant distributed applications in Erlang.

In particular, during the Erlang Camp 2013 which is exceptionally sponsored by the amazing company SpilGames you will get in touch with several Erlang topics as:

  • Erlang basic stuff
  • Erlang OTP
  • How to ship your Erlang code using applications and releases
  • Erlang Distribution

More information on the Erlang Camp schedule may be found in this web page.

Erlang Camp is a pretty good way to learn Erlang language and to get in touch with some of the best Erlang teachers and developers outh there. Knowing that only 100 seats are available and that they will go quickly I suggest you to hurry and register for the event!

Speaking of summer camps! 😉

Not quite like Vacation Bible School but your tastes have changed since then.

Yes?

May 4, 2013

NLPCS 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Natural Language Processing — Patrick Durusau @ 1:51 pm

NLPCS 2013: 10th International Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Cognitive Science

When Oct 15, 2013 – Oct 16, 2013
Where Marseille, France
Submission Deadline Jun 5, 2013
Notification Due Jul 31, 2013
Final Version Due Sep 15, 2013

From the webpage:

The aim of this workshop is to foster interactions among researchers and practitioners in Natural Language Processing (NLP) by taking a Cognitive Science perspective. What characterises this kind of approach is the fact that NLP is considered from various viewpoints (linguistics, psychology, neurosciences, artificial intelligence,…), and that a deliberate effort is made to reconcile or integrate them into a coherent whole.

We believe that this is necessary, as the modelling of the process is simply too complex to be addressed by a single discipline. No matter whether we deal with a natural or artificial system (people or computers) or a combination of both (interactive NLP), systems rely on many types of very different knowledge sources. Hence, strategies vary considerably depending on the person (novice, expert), on the available knowledge (internal and external), and on the nature of the information processor: human, machines or both (human-machine communication).

The problem we are confronted with and the spirit of the workshop can fairly well be captured via the following two quotations :

  • Build models that illustrate somehow the way people use language slightly adapted comment taken from Martin Kay’s talk given when receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award, http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J05/J05-4001.pdf
  • Make machines behave more like humans, rather than make people behave like machines (“Humaniser la machine, ne pas mĂ©caniser l’utilisateur”), O. NĂ©rot)

This kind of workshop provides an excellent opportunity to get closer to these goals. Encouraging cross-fertilization it may possibly lead to the creation of true semiotic extensions, i.e. the development of brain inspired (or brain compatible) cognitive systems.

I rather like the focus of this NLP workshop.

You?

May 2, 2013

SemStats 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Semantics,Statistics — Patrick Durusau @ 5:09 am

First International Workshop on Semantic Statistics (SemStats 2013)

Deadline for paper submission: Friday, 12 July 2013, 23:59 (Hawaii time)
Notification of acceptance/rejection: Friday, 9 August 2013
Deadline for camera-ready version: Friday, 30 August 2013

From the call for papers:

The goal of this workshop is to explore and strengthen the relationship between the Semantic Web and statistical communities, to provide better access to the data held by statistical offices. It will focus on ways in which statisticians can use Semantic Web technologies and standards in order to formalize, publish, document and link their data and metadata.

The statistical community has recently shown an interest in the Semantic Web. In particular, initiatives have been launched to develop semantic vocabularies representing statistical classifications and discovery metadata. Tools are also being created by statistical organizations to support the publication of dimensional data conforming to the Data Cube specification, now in Last Call at W3C. But statisticians see challenges in the Semantic Web: how can data and concepts be linked in a statistically rigorous fashion? How can we avoid fuzzy semantics leading to wrong analyses? How can we preserve data confidentiality?

The workshop will also cover the question of how to apply statistical methods or treatments to linked data, and how to develop new methods and tools for this purpose. Except for visualisation techniques and tools, this question is relatively unexplored, but the subject will obviously grow in importance in the near future.

An unfortunate emphasis on linked data before understanding the problem of imbuing statistical data with semantics.

Studying the needs of the statistical community for semantics and to what degree would be more likely to yield useful requirements.

And from requirements, then to proceed to find appropriate solutions.

As opposed to arriving solution in hand, with saws, pry bars, shoe horns and similar tools for affixing the solution to any problem.

April 30, 2013

GraphLab Workshop 2013 (Update)

Filed under: Conferences,GraphLab,Machine Learning — Patrick Durusau @ 2:46 pm

GraphLab Workshop 2013 Confirmed Agenda

You probably already have your plane tickets and hotel reservation but have you registered for GraphLab Workshop 2013?

Not just a select few graph databases for comparison but:

We have secured talks and demos about the hottest graph processing systems out there: GraphLab (CMU/UW), Pregel (Google), Giraph (Facebook) , Cassovary (Twitter), Grappa (UW), Combinatorial BLAS (LBNL/UCSB), Allegro Graph (Franz) ,Neo4j, Titan (Aurelius), DEX (Sparsity Technologies), YarcData and others!

Registration.

2013 Graphlab Workshop on Large Scale Machine Learning
Sessions Events LLC
Monday, July 1, 2013 from 8:00 AM to 7:00 PM (PDT)
San Francisco, CA

I know, I know, 8 AM is an unholy time to be anywhere (other than on your way home) on the West Coast.

Just pull an all-dayer for a change. 😉

Expecting to see lots of posts and tweets from the conference!

April 27, 2013

The Motherlode of Semantics, People

Filed under: Conferences,Crowd Sourcing,Semantic Web,Semantics — Patrick Durusau @ 8:08 am

1st International Workshop on “Crowdsourcing the Semantic Web” (CrowdSem2013)

Submission deadline: July 12, 2013 (23:59 Hawaii time)

From the post:

1st International Workshop on “Crowdsourcing the Semantic Web” in conjunction with the 12th Interantional Seamntic Web Conference (ISWC 2013), 21-25 October 2013, in Sydney, Australia. This interactive workshop takes stock of the emergent work and chart the research agenda with interactive sessions to brainstorm ideas and potential applications of collective intelligence to solving AI hard semantic web problems.

The Global Brain Semantic Web—a Semantic Web interleaving a large number of human and machine computation—has great potential to overcome some of the issues of the current Semantic Web. In particular, semantic technologies have been deployed in the context of a wide range of information management tasks in scenarios that are increasingly significant in both technical (data size, variety and complexity of data sources) and economical terms (industries addressed and their market volume). For many of these tasks, machine-driven algorithmic techniques aiming at full automation do not reach a level of accuracy that many production environments require. Enhancing automatic techniques with human computation capabilities is becoming a viable solution in many cases. We believe that there is huge potential at the intersection of these disciplines – large scale, knowledge-driven, information management and crowdsourcing – to solve technically challenging problems purposefully and in a cost effective manner.

I’m encouraged.

The Semantic Web is going to start asking the entities (people) that originate semantics about semantics.

Going the motherlode of semantics.

Now to see what they do with the answers.

Strange Loop 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Data Structures,Database,NoSQL,Programming — Patrick Durusau @ 4:20 am

Strange Loop 2013

Dates:

  • Call for presentation opens: Apr 15th, 2013
  • Call for presentation ends: May 9, 2013
  • Speakers notified by: May 17, 2013
  • Registration opens: May 20, 2013
  • Conference dates: Sept 18-20th, 2013

From the webpage:

Below is some guidance on the kinds of topics we are seeking and have historically accepted.

  • Frequently accepted or desired topics: functional programming, logic programming, dynamic/scripting languages, new or emerging languages, data structures, concurrency, database internals, NoSQL databases, key/value stores, big data, distributed computing, queues, asynchronous or dataflow concurrency, STM, web frameworks, web architecture, performance, virtual machines, mobile frameworks, native apps, security, biologically inspired computing, hardware/software interaction, historical topics.
  • Sometimes accepted (depends on topic): Java, C#, testing frameworks, monads
  • Rarely accepted (nothing wrong with these, but other confs cover them well): Agile, JavaFX, J2EE, Spring, PHP, ASP, Perl, design, layout, entrepreneurship and startups, game programming

It isn’t clear why Strange Loop claims to have “archives:”

2009201020112012

As far as I can tell, these are listings with bios of prior presentations, but no substantive content.

Am I missing something?

April 25, 2013

PODC and SPAA 2013 Accepted Papers

Filed under: Conferences,Distributed Computing,Parallel Programming,Parallelism — Patrick Durusau @ 2:03 pm

ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing [PODC] accepted papers. (Montréal, Québec, Canada, July 22-24, 2013) Main PODC page.

Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures [SPAA] accepted papers. (MontrĂ©al, QuĂ©bec, Canada, July 23 – 25, 2013) Main SPAA page.

Just scanning the titles reveals a number of very interesting papers.

Suggest you schedule a couple of weeks of vacation in Canada following SPAA before attending the Balisage Conference, August 6-9, 2013.

The weather is quite temperate and the outdoor dining superb.

I first saw this at: PODC AND SPAA 2013 ACCEPTED PAPERS.

Hadoop Summit North America (June 26-27, 2013)

Filed under: Conferences,Hadoop,MapReduce — Patrick Durusau @ 1:44 pm

Hadoop Summit North America

From the webpage:

Hortonworks and Yahoo! are pleased to host the 6th Annual Hadoop Summit, the leading conference for the Apache Hadoop community. This two-day event will feature many of the Apache Hadoop thought leaders who will showcase successful Hadoop use cases, share development and administration tips and tricks, and educate organizations about how best to leverage Apache Hadoop as a key component in their enterprise data architecture. It will also be an excellent networking event for developers, architects, administrators, data analysts, data scientists and vendors interested in advancing, extending or implementing Apache Hadoop.

Community Choice Selectees:

  • Application and Data Science Track: Watching Pigs Fly with the Netflix Hadoop Toolkit (Netflix)
  • Deployment and Operations Track: Continuous Integration for the Applications on top of Hadoop (Yahoo!)
  • Enterprise Data Architecture Track: Next Generation Analytics: A Reference Architecture (Mu Sigma)
  • Future of Apache Hadoop Track: Jubatus: Real-time and Highly-scalable Machine Learning Platform (Preferred Infrastructure, Inc.)
  • Hadoop (Disruptive) Economics Track: Move to Hadoop, Go Fast and Save Millions: Mainframe Legacy Modernization (Sears Holding Corp.)
  • Hadoop-driven Business / BI Track: Big Data, Easy BI (Yahoo!)
  • Reference Architecture Track: Genie – Hadoop Platformed as a Service at Netflix (Netflix)

If you need another reason to attend, it’s located in San Jose, California.

2nd best US location for a conference. #1 being New Orleans.

April 15, 2013

2ND International Workshop on Mining Scientific Publications

Filed under: Conferences,Data Mining,Searching,Semantic Search,Semantics — Patrick Durusau @ 2:49 pm

2ND International Workshop on Mining Scientific Publications

May 26, 2013 – Submission deadline
June 23, 2013 – Notification of acceptance
July 7, 2013 – Camera-ready
July 26, 2013 – Workshop

From the CFP:

Digital libraries that store scientific publications are becoming increasingly important in research. They are used not only for traditional tasks such as finding and storing research outputs, but also as sources for mining this information, discovering new research trends and evaluating research excellence. The rapid growth in the number of scientific publications being deposited in digital libraries makes it no longer sufficient to provide access to content to human readers only. It is equally important to allow machines analyse this information and by doing so facilitate the processes by which research is being accomplished. Recent developments in natural language processing, information retrieval, the semantic web and other disciplines make it possible to transform the way we work with scientific publications. However, in order to make this happen, researchers first need to be able to easily access and use large databases of scientific publications and research data, to carry out experiments.

This workshop aims to bring together people from different backgrounds who:
(a) are interested in analysing and mining databases of scientific publications,
(b) develop systems, infrastructures or datasets that enable such analysis and mining,
(c) design novel technologies that improve the way research is being accomplished or
(d) support the openness and free availability of publications and research data.

2. TOPICS

The topics of the workshop will be organised around the following three themes:

  1. Infrastructures, systems, open datasets or APIs that enable analysis of large volumes of scientific publications.
  2. Semantic enrichment of scientific publications by means of text-mining, crowdsourcing or other methods.
  3. Analysis of large databases of scientific publications to identify research trends, high impact, cross-fertilisation between disciplines, research excellence and to aid content exploration.

Of particular interest for topic mappers:

Topics of interest relevant to theme 2 include, but are not limited to:

  • Novel information extraction and text-mining approaches to semantic enrichment of publications. This might range from mining publication structure, such as title, abstract, authors, citation information etc. to more challenging tasks, such as extracting names of applied methods, research questions (or scientific gaps), identifying parts of the scholarly discourse structure etc.
  • Automatic categorization and clustering of scientific publications. Methods that can automatically categorize publications according to an established subject-based classification/taxonomy (such as Library of Congress classification, UNESCO thesaurus, DOAJ subject classification, Library of Congress Subject Headings) are of particular interest. Other approaches might involve automatic clustering or classification of research publications according to various criteria.
  • New methods and models for connecting and interlinking scientific publications. Scientific publications in digital libraries are not isolated islands. Connecting publications using explicitly defined citations is very restrictive and has many disadvantages. We are interested in innovative technologies that can automatically connect and interlink publications or parts of publications, according to various criteria, such as semantic similarity, contradiction, argument support or other relationship types.
  • Models for semantically representing and annotating publications. This topic is related to aspects of semantically modeling publications and scholarly discourse. Models that are practical with respect to the state-of-the-art in Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies are of special interest.
  • Semantically enriching/annotating publications by crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing can be used in innovative ways to annotate publications with richer metadata or to approve/disapprove annotations created using text-mining or other approaches. We welcome papers that address the following questions: (a) what incentives should be provided to motivate users in contributing metadata, (b) how to apply crowdsourcing in the specialized domains of scientific publications, (c) what tasks in the domain of organising scientific publications is crowdsourcing suitable for and where it might fail, (d) other relevant crowdsourcing topics relevant to the domain of scientific publications.

The other themes could be viewed through a topic map lens but semantic enrichment seems like a natural.

April 3, 2013

2nd GraphLab workshop [Early Bird Registration]

Filed under: Conferences,GraphLab,Graphs,Networks — Patrick Durusau @ 10:14 am

The 2nd GraphLab workshop is coming up! by Danny Bickson.

Danny also says there is a 30% discount if you email him: danny.bickson@gmail.com. Don’t know when that runs out but worth a try.

From the post:

Following the great success of the first GraphLab workshop, we have started to organize this year event, in July at the bay area. To remind you, last year we wanted to organize a 15-20 people event, which eventually got a participation of 300+ researchers from 100+ companies.

The main aim of this year workshop is to bring together top researchers from academia, as well as top data scientists from industry with the special focus of large scale machine learning on sparse graphs.

The event will take place Monday July 1st, 2013 in San Francisco. Early bird registration is now open!

Preliminary agenda.

Definitely one to have on your calendar!

March 31, 2013

Semantics for Big Data [W3C late to semantic heterogeneity party]

Filed under: BigData,Conferences,Heterogeneous Data,Semantics — Patrick Durusau @ 12:50 pm

Semantics for Big Data

Dates:

Submission due: May 24, 2013

Acceptance Notification: June 21, 2013

Camera-ready Copies: June 28, 2013

Symposium: November 15-17, 2013

From the webpage:

AAAI 2013 Fall Symposium; Westin Arlington Gateway in Arlington, Virginia, November 15-17, 2013.

Workshop Description and Scope

One of the key challenges in making use of Big Data lies in finding ways of dealing with heterogeneity, diversity, and complexity of the data, while its volume and velocity forbid solutions available for smaller datasets as based, e.g., on manual curation or manual integration of data. Semantic Web Technologies are meant to deal with these issues, and indeed since the advent of Linked Data a few years ago, they have become central to mainstream Semantic Web research and development. We can easily understand Linked Data as being a part of the greater Big Data landscape, as many of the challenges are the same. The linking component of Linked Data, however, puts an additional focus on the integration and conflation of data across multiple sources.

Workshop Topics

In this symposium, we will explore the many opportunities and challenges arising from transferring and adapting Semantic Web Technologies to the Big Data quest. Topics of interest focus explicitly on the interplay of Semantics and Big Data, and include:

  • the use of semantic metadata and ontologies for Big Data,
  • the use of formal and informal semantics,
  • the integration and interplay of deductive (semantic) and statistical methods,
  • methods to establish semantic interoperability between data sources
  • ways of dealing with semantic heterogeneity,
  • scalability of Semantic Web methods and tools, and
  • semantic approaches to the explication of requirements from eScience applications.

The W3C is late to the party as evidenced by semantic heterogeneity becoming “…central to mainstream Semantic Web research and development” after the advent of Linked Data.

I suppose better late than never.

At least if they remember that:

Users experience semantic heterogeneity in data and in the means used to describe and store data.

Whatever solution is crafted, its starting premise must be to capture semantics as seen by some defined user.

Otherwise, it is capturing the semantics of designers, authors, etc., which may or may not be valuable to some particular user.

RDF is a good example of capturing someone else’s semantics.

As its uptake is evidence of the interest in someone else’s semantics. (Simple Web Semantics – The Semantic Web Is Failing — But Why?)

March 18, 2013

Semantic Search Over The Web (SSW 2013)

Filed under: Conferences,RDF,Semantic Diversity,Semantic Graph,Semantic Search,Semantic Web — Patrick Durusau @ 2:00 pm

3RD International Workshop onSemantic Search Over The Web (SSW 2013)

Dates:

Abstract Papers submission: May 31, 2013 – 15:00 (3:00 pm) EDT
(Short) Full Paper submission: June 7, 2013 – 15:00 (3:00 pm) EDT
Author notification: July 19, 2013
Camera-ready copy due: August 2, 2013
Workshop date: During VLDB (Aug 26 – Aug 30)

From the webpage:

We are witnessing a smooth evolution of the Web from a worldwide information space of linked documents to a global knowledge base, composed of semantically interconnected resources. To date, the correlated and semantically annotated data available on the web amounts to 25 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 395 million RDF links. The continuous publishing and the integration of the plethora of semantic datasets from companies, government and public sector projects is leading to the creation of the so-called Web of Knowledge. Each semantic dataset contributes to extend the global knowledge and increases its reasoning capabilities. As a matter of facts, researchers are now looking with growing interest to semantic issues in this huge amount of correlated data available on the Web. Many progresses have been made in the field of semantic technologies, from formal models to repositories and reasoning engines. While the focus of many practitioners is on exploiting such semantic information to contribute to IR problems from a document centric point of view, we believe that such a vast, and constantly growing, amount of semantic data raises data management issues that must be faced in a dynamic, highly distributed and heterogeneous environment such as the Web.

The third edition of the International Workshop on Semantic Search over the Web (SSW) will discuss about data management issues related to the search over the web and the relationships with semantic web technologies, proposing new models, languages and applications.

The research issues can be summarized by the following problems:

  • How can we model and efficiently access large amounts of semantic web data?
  • How can we effectively retrieve information exploiting semantic web technologies?
  • How can we employ semantic search in real world scenarios?

The SSW Workshop invites researchers, engineers, service developers to present their research and works in the field of data management for semantic search. Papers may deal with methods, models, case studies, practical experiences and technologies.

Apologies for the uncertainty of the workshop date. (There is confusion about the date on the workshop site, one place says the 26th, the other the 30th. Check before you make reservation/travel arrangements.)

I differ with the organizers on some issues but on the presence of: “…data management issues that must be faced in a dynamic, highly distributed and heterogeneous environment such as the Web,” there is no disagreement.

That’s the trick isn’t it? In any confined or small group setting, just about any consistent semantic solution will work.

The hurly-burly of a constant stream of half-heard, partially understood communications across distributed and heterogeneous systems tests the true mettle of semantic solutions.

Not a quest for perfect communication but “good enough.”

VLDB 2013

Filed under: BigData,Conferences,Database — Patrick Durusau @ 1:37 pm

39th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases

Dates:

Submissions still open:

Industrial & Application Papers, Demonstration Proposals, Tutorial Proposals, PhD Workshop Papers, due by March 31st, 2013, author notification: May 31st, 2013

Conference: August 26 – 30, 2013.

From the webpage:

VLDB is a premier annual international forum for data management and database researchers, vendors, practitioners, application developers, and users. The conference will feature research talks, tutorials, demonstrations, and workshops. It will cover current issues in data management, database and information systems research. Data management and databases remain among the main technological cornerstones of emerging applications of the twenty-first century.

VLDB 2013 will take place at the picturesque town of Riva del Garda, Italy. It is located close to the city of Trento, on the north shore of Lake Garda, which is the largest lake in Italy, formed by glaciers at the end of the last ice age. In the 17th century, Lake Garda became a popular destination for young central European nobility. The list of its famous guests includes Goethe, Freud, Nietzsche, the Mann brothers, Kafka, Lawrence, and more recently James Bond. Lake Garda attracts many tourists every year, and offers numerous opportunities for sightseeing in the towns along its shores (e.g., Riva del Garda, Malcesine, Torri del Benaco, Sirmione), outdoors activities (e.g., hiking, wind-surfing, swimming), as well as fun (e.g., Gardaland amusement theme park).

Smile when you point “big data” colleagues to 1st Very Large Data Bases VLDB 1975: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Some people catch on sooner than others. 😉

March 15, 2013

HBaseCon 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Hadoop — Patrick Durusau @ 12:45 pm

HBaseCon 2013


Abstracts are due by midnight on April 1, 2013.

Conference: Thursday, June 13, 2013
San Francisco Marriott Marquis

From the webpage:

Early Bird registration is now open (until April 23), and we’re asking all members of the community to submit abstracts for sessions pertaining to:

  • HBase internals and futures
  • Best practices for running HBase in production
  • HBase use cases and applications
  • How to contribute to HBase

Abstracts are due by midnight on April 1, 2013. You will be notified by the Program Committee about your proposal’s status by April 15, 2013.

Waiting for all the components in the Hadoop ecosystem to have separate but co-located conferences. That would be radically cool!

February 28, 2013

ICDM 2013: IEEE International Conference on Data Mining

Filed under: Conferences,Data Mining — Patrick Durusau @ 1:31 pm

ICDM 2013: IEEE International Conference on Data Mining December 8-11, 2013, Dallas, Texas.

Dates:

  • Workshop proposals: April 2
  • Workshop notification: April 30
  • ICDM contest proposals: April 30
  • Full paper submissions: June 21
  • Demo and tutorial proposals: August 3
  • Workshop paper submissions: August 3
  • Conference paper, tutorial, demo notifications: September 20
  • Workshop paper notifications: September 24
  • Conference dates: December 8-11 (Sunday-Wednesday)

From the call for papers:

The IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM) has established itself as the world's premier research conference in data mining. The 13th ICDM conference (ICDM '13) provides a premier forum for the dissemination of innovative, practical development experiences as well as original research results in data mining, spanning applications, algorithms, software and systems. The conference draws researchers and application developers from a wide range of data mining related areas such as statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition, databases and data warehousing, data visualization, knowledge-based systems and high performance computing. By promoting high quality and novel research findings, and innovative solutions to challenging data mining problems, the conference seeks to continuously advance the state of the art in data mining. As an important part of the conference, the workshops program will focus on new research challenges and initiatives, and the tutorials program will cover emerging data mining technologies and the latest developments in data mining.

Topics of Interest

Topics related to the design, analysis and implementation of data mining theory, systems and applications are of interest. These include, but are not limited to the following areas:

  • Foundations of data mining
  • Data mining and machine learning algorithms and methods in traditional areas (such as classification, regression, clustering, probabilistic modeling, and association analysis), and in new areas
  • Mining text and semi-structured data, and mining temporal, spatial and multimedia data
  • Mining data streams
  • Mining spatio-temporal data
  • Mining with data clouds and Big Data
  • Link and graph mining
  • Pattern recognition and trend analysis
  • Collaborative filtering/personalization
  • Data and knowledge representation for data mining
  • Query languages and user interfaces for mining
  • Complexity, efficiency, and scalability issues in data mining
  • Data pre-processing, data reduction, feature selection and feature transformation
  • Post-processing of data mining results
  • Statistics and probability in large-scale data mining
  • Soft computing (including neural networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, and rough sets) and uncertainty management for data mining
  • Integration of data warehousing, OLAP and data mining
  • Human-machine interaction and visual data mining
  • High performance and parallel/distributed data mining
  • Quality assessment and interestingness metrics of data mining results
  • Visual Analytics
  • Security, privacy and social impact of data mining
  • Data mining applications in bioinformatics, electronic commerce, Web, intrusion detection, finance, marketing, healthcare, telecommunications and other fields

I saw a post recently that made the case for data mining being the next “hot” topic in cybersecurity.

As in data mining that can track you across multiple social media sites, old email posts, etc.

Curious that it is always phrased in terms of government or big corporations spying on little people.

Since there are a lot more “little people,” shouldn’t crowd sourcing data mining of governments and big corporations work the other way too?

And for that matter, like the BLM (Bureau of Land Management), there really isn’t any “government,” or “government agency” that is responsible for harm to the public’s welfare.

There are specific people with relationships to the oil and gas industry, meetings, etc.

Let’s use data mining to pierce the government veil!

February 25, 2013

ApacheCon NA 2013

Filed under: Conferences — Patrick Durusau @ 5:59 am

ApacheCon NA 2013

The schedule for ApacheCon NA 2013 (February 26th – 28th, 2013)

Sessions with authors.

A good starting point for reading topics in the Apache community.

BTW, is there a channel on YouTube for ApacheCon presentations that I am overlooking?

Thanks!

February 21, 2013

February 19, 2013

“…XML User Interfaces” As in Using XML?

Filed under: Conferences,Interface Research/Design,XML,XML Schema,XPath,XQuery,XSLT — Patrick Durusau @ 1:00 pm

International Symposium on Native XML user interfaces

This came across the wire this morning and I need your help interpreting it.

Why would you want to have an interface to XML?

All these years I have been writing XML in Emacs because XML wasn’t supposed to have an interface.

Brave hearts, male, female and unknown, struggling with issues too obscure for mere mortals.

Now I find that isn’t supposed to be so? You can imagine my reaction.

I moved my laptop a bit closer to the peat fire to make sure I read it properly. Waiting for the ox cart later this week to take my complaint to the local bishop about this disturbing innovation.

😉

15 March 2013 — Peer review applications due
19 April 2013 — Paper submissions due
19 April 2013 — Applications due for student support awards due
21 May 2013 — Speakers notified
12 July 2013 — Final papers due
5 August 2013 — International Symposium on Native XML user interfaces
6–9 August 2013 — Balisage: The Markup Conference

International Symposium on
Native XML user interfaces

Monday August 5, 2013 Hotel Europa, Montréal, Canada

XML is everywhere. It is created, gathered, manipulated, queried, browsed, read, and modified. XML systems need user interfaces to do all of these things. How can we make user interfaces for XML that are powerful, simple to use, quick to develop, and easy to maintain?

How are we building user interfaces today? How can we build them tomorrow? Are we using XML to drive our user interfaces? How?

This one-day symposium is devoted to the theory and practice of user interfaces for XML: the current state of implementations, practical case studies, challenges for users, and the outlook for the future development of the technology.

Relevant topics include:

  • Editors customized for specific purposes or users
  • User interfaces for creation, management, and use of XML documents
  • Uses of XForms
  • Making tools for creation of XML textual documents
  • Using general-purpose user-interface libraries to build XML interfaces
  • Looking at XML, especially looking at masses of XML documents
  • XML, XSLT, and XQuery in the browser
  • Specialized user interfaces for specialized tasks
  • XML vocabularies for user-interface specification

Presentations can take a variety of forms, including technical papers, case studies, and tool demonstrations (technical overviews, not product pitches).

This is the same conference I wrote about in: Markup Olympics (Balisage) [No Drug Testing].

In times of lean funding for conferences, if you go to a conference this year, it really should be Balisage.

You will be the envy of your co-workers and have tales to tell your grandchildren.

Not bad for one conference registration fee.

February 18, 2013

International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL)

Filed under: Conferences,Digital Library,Librarian/Expert Searchers,Library — Patrick Durusau @ 5:26 am

International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL)

Valletta, Malta, September 22-26, 2013. I thought that would get your attention. Details follow.

Dates:

Full and Short papers, Posters, Panels, and Demonstrations deadline: March 23, 2013

Workshops and Tutorials proposals deadline: March 4, 2013

Doctoral Consortium papers submission deadline: June 2, 2013

Notification of acceptance for Papers, Posters, and Demonstrations: May 20, 2013

Notification of acceptance for Panels, Workshops and Tutorials: April 22, 2013

Doctoral Consortium acceptance notification: June 24, 2013

Camera ready versions: June 9, 2013

End of early registration: July 31, 2013

Conference dates: September 22-26, 2013

The general theme of the conference is “Sharing meaningful information,” a theme reflected in the topics for conference submissions:

General areas of interests include, but are not limited to, the following topics, organized in four categories, according to a conceptualization that coincides with the four arms of the Maltese Cross:

Foundations

  • Information models
  • Digital library conceptual models and formal issues
  • Digital library 2.0
  • Digital library education curricula
  • Economic and legal aspects (e.g. rights management) landscape for digital libraries
  • Theoretical models of information interaction and organization
  • Information policies
  • Studies of human factors in networked information
  • Scholarly primitives
  • Novel research tools and methods with emphasis on digital humanities
  • User behavior analysis and modeling
  • Social-technical perspectives of digital information

Infrastructures

  • Digital library architectures
  • Cloud and grid deployments
  • Federation of repositories
  • Collaborative and participatory information environments
  • Data storage and indexing
  • Big data management
  • e-science, e-government, e-learning, cultural heritage infrastructures
  • Semi structured data
  • Semantic web issues in digital libraries
  • Ontologies and knowledge organization systems
  • Linked Data and its applications

Content

  • Metadata schemas with emphasis to metadata for composite content (Multimedia, geographical, statistical data and other special content formats)
  • Interoperability and Information integration
  • Digital Curation and related workflows
  • Preservation, authenticity and provenance
  • Web archiving
  • Social media and dynamically generated content for particular uses/communities (education, science, public, etc.)
  • Crowdsourcing
  • 3D models indexing and retrieval
  • Authority management issues

Services

  • Information Retrieval and browsing
  • Multilingual and Multimedia Information Retrieval
  • Personalization in digital libraries
  • Context awareness in information access
  • Semantic aware services
  • Technologies for delivering/accessing digital libraries, e.g. mobile devices
  • Visualization of large-scale information environments
  • Evaluation of online information environments
  • Quality metrics
  • Interfaces to digital libraries
  • Data mining/extraction of structure from networked information
  • Social networks analysis and virtual organizations
  • Traditional and alternative metrics of scholarly communication
  • Mashups of resources

Do you know if there are plans for recording presentations?

Given the location and diminishing travel funding, an efficient way to increase the impact of the presentations.

February 12, 2013

Distributed Multimedia Systems (Archives)

Filed under: Conferences,Graphics,Multimedia,Music,Music Retrieval,Sound,Video,Visualization — Patrick Durusau @ 6:19 pm

Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems

From the webpage:
http://www.ksi.edu/seke/Proceedings/dms/DMS2012_Proceedings.pdf

DMS 2012 Proceedings August 9 to August 11, 2012 Eden Roc Renaissance Miami Beach, USA
DMS 2011 Proceedings August 18 to August 19, 2011 Convitto della Calza, Florence, Italy
DMS 2010 Proceedings October 14 to October 16, 2010 Hyatt Lodge at McDonald’s Campus, Oak Brook, Illinois, USA
DMS 2009 Proceedings September 10 to September 12, 2009 Hotel Sofitel, Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, USA
DMS 2008 Proceedings September 4 to September 6, 2008 Hyatt Harborside at Logan Int’l Airport, Boston, USA
DMS 2007 Proceedings September 6 to September 8, 2007 Hotel Sofitel, Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, USA

For coverage, see the Call for Papers, DMS 2013.

Another archive with topic map related papers!

DMS 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Graphics,Multimedia,Music,Music Retrieval,Sound,Video,Visualization — Patrick Durusau @ 6:18 pm

DMS 2013: The 19th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems

Dates:

Paper submission due: April 29, 2013
Notification of acceptance: May 31, 2013
Camera-ready copy: June 15, 2013
Early conference registration due: June 15, 2013
Conference: August 8 – 10, 2013

From the call for papers:

With today’s proliferation of multimedia data (e.g., images, animations, video, and sound), comes the challenge of using such information to facilitate data analysis, modeling, presentation, interaction and programming, particularly for end-users who are domain experts, but not IT professionals. The main theme of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems (DMS’2013) is multimedia inspired computing. The conference organizers seek contributions of high quality papers, panels or tutorials, addressing any novel aspect of computing (e.g., programming language or environment, data analysis, scientific visualization, etc.) that significantly benefits from the incorporation/integration of multimedia data (e.g., visual, audio, pen, voice, image, etc.), for presentation at the conference and publication in the proceedings. Both research and case study papers or demonstrations describing results in research area as well as industrial development cases and experiences are solicited. The use of prototypes and demonstration video for presentations is encouraged.

Topics

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Distributed Multimedia Technology

  • media coding, acquisition and standards
  • QoS and Quality of Experience control
  • digital rights management and conditional access solutions
  • privacy and security issues
  • mobile devices and wireless networks
  • mobile intelligent applications
  • sensor networks, environment control and management

Distributed Multimedia Models and Systems

  • human-computer interaction
  • languages for distributed multimedia
  • multimedia software engineering issues
  • semantic computing and processing
  • media grid computing, cloud and virtualization
  • web services and multi-agent systems
  • multimedia databases and information systems
  • multimedia indexing and retrieval systems
  • multimedia and cross media authoring

Applications of Distributed Multimedia Systems

  • collaborative and social multimedia systems and solutions
  • humanities and cultural heritage applications, management and fruition
  • multimedia preservation
  • cultural heritage preservation, management and fruition
  • distance and lifelong learning
  • emergency and safety management
  • e-commerce and e-government applications
  • health care management and disability assistance
  • intelligent multimedia computing
  • internet multimedia computing
  • virtual, mixed and augmented reality
  • user profiling, reasoning and recommendations

The presence of information/data doesn’t mean topic maps return good ROI.

On the other hand, the presence of information/data does mean semantic impedance is present.

The question is what need you have to overcome semantic impedance and at what cost?

Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (Archives)

Filed under: Conferences,Knowledge Engineering,Software Engineering — Patrick Durusau @ 6:17 pm

Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering

From the webpage:

SEKE 2012 Proceedings July 1 – July 3, 2012 Hotel Sofitel, Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, USA
SEKE 2011 Proceedings July 7 – July 9, 2011 Eden Roc Renaissance Miami Beach, USA
SEKE 2010 Proceedings July 1 – July 3, 2010 Hotel Sofitel, Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, USA
SEKE 2009 Proceedings July 1 – July 3, 2009 Hyatt Harborside at Logan Int’l Airport, Boston, USA
SEKE 2008 Proceedings July 1 – July 3, 2008 Hotel Sofitel, Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, USA
SEKE 2007 Proceedings July 9 – July 11, 2007 Hyatt Harborside at Logan Int’l Airport, Boston, USA

Another treasure I discovered while hunting down topic map papers.

For coverage, see the call for papers, SEKE 2013.

SEKE 2013

Filed under: Conferences,Knowledge Engineering,Software Engineering — Patrick Durusau @ 6:16 pm

SEKE 2013: The 25th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering

Dates:

Paper submission due: Midnight EST, March 1, 2013
Notification of acceptance: April 20, 2013
Early registration deadline: May 10, 2013
Camera-ready copy: May 10, 2013
Conference: June 27 – 29, 2013

From the call for papers:

The Twenty-Fifth International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2013) will be held at Hyatt Harborside at Boston’s Logan International Airport, USA from June 27 to June 29, 2013.

The conference aims at bringing together experts in software engineering and knowledge engineering to discuss on relevant results in either software engineering or knowledge engineering or both. Special emphasis will be put on the transference of methods between both domains. Submission of papers and demos are both welcome.

TOPICS

Agent architectures, ontologies, languages and protocols
Multi-agent systems
Agent-based learning and knowledge discovery
Interface agents
Agent-based auctions and marketplaces
Artificial life and societies
Secure mobile and multi-agent systems
Mobile agents
Mobile Commerce Technology and Application Systems
Mobile Systems

Autonomic computing
Adaptive Systems
Integrity, Security, and Fault Tolerance
Reliability
Enterprise Software, Middleware, and Tools
Process and Workflow Management
E-Commerce Solutions and Applications
Industry System Experience and Report

Service-centric software engineering
Service oriented requirements engineering
Service oriented architectures
Middleware for service based systems
Service discovery and composition
Quality of services
Service level agreements (drafting, negotiation, monitoring and management)
Runtime service management
Semantic web

Requirements Engineering
Agent-based software engineering
Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Software Engineering
Component-Based Software Engineering
Automated Software Specification
Automated Software Design and Synthesis
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
Embedded and Ubiquitous Software Engineering
Measurement and Empirical Software Engineering
Reverse Engineering
Programming Languages and Software Engineering
Patterns and Frameworks
Reflection and Metadata Approaches
Program Understanding

Knowledge Acquisition
Knowledge-Based and Expert Systems
Knowledge Representation and Retrieval
Knowledge Engineering Tools and Techniques
Time and Knowledge Management Tools
Knowledge Visualization
Data visualization
Uncertainty Knowledge Management
Ontologies and Methodologies
Learning Software Organization
Tutoring, Documentation Systems
Human-Computer Interaction
Multimedia Applications, Frameworks, and Systems
Multimedia and Hypermedia Software Engineering

Smart Spaces
Pervasive Computing
Swarm intelligence
Soft Computing

Software Architecture
Software Assurance
Software Domain Modeling and Meta-Modeling
Software dependability
Software economics
Software Engineering Decision Support
Software Engineering Tools and Environments
Software Maintenance and Evolution
Software Process Modeling
Software product lines
Software Quality
Software Reuse
Software Safety
Software Security
Software Engineering Case Study and Experience Reports

Web and text mining
Web-Based Tools, Applications and Environment
Web-Based Knowledge Management
Web-Based Tools, Systems, and Environments
Web and Data Mining

Given the range of topics, I am sure you can find one or two that interest you and involve issues where topic maps can make a significant contribution.

Looking forward to seeing your paper in the SEKE Proceedings for 2013.

February 4, 2013

Large Scale Network Analysis

Filed under: Conferences,Graphs,Networks — Patrick Durusau @ 7:12 pm

2nd International Workshop on Large Scale Network Analysis (LSNA 2013)

Dates:

Submission Deadline: February 25, 2013

Acceptance Notification: March 13, 2013

Camera-Ready Submission: March 27, 2013

Workshop Date: May 14, 2013

From the website:

Large amounts of network data are being produced by various modern applications at an ever growing speed, ranging from social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, scientific citation networks such as CiteSeerX, to biological networks such as protein interaction networks. Network data analysis is crucial to exploit the wealth of information encoded in these network data. An effective analysis of these data must take into account the complex structure including social, temporal and sometimes spatial dimensions, and an efficient analysis of these data demands scalable solutions. As a result, there has been increasing research in developing scalable solutions for novel network analytics applications.

This workshop will provide a forum for researchers to share new ideas and techniques for large scale network analysis. We expect novel research works that address various aspects of large scale network analysis, including network data acquisition and integration, novel applications for network analysis in different problem domains, scalable and efficient network analytics algorithms, distributed network data management, novel platforms supporting network analytics, and so on.

Topics of Interest

Topics of interest for this workshop include but are not limited to the following:

  • Large scale network data acquisition, filtering, navigation, integration, search and analysis
  • Novel applications for network data with interesting analytics results
  • Exploring scalability issues in network analysis or modeling
  • Distributed network data management
  • Discussing the deficiency of current network analytics or modeling approaches and proposing new directions for research
  • Discovering unique features of emerging network datasets (e.g new linked data, new form of social networks)

This workshop will include invited talks as well as presentation of accepted papers.

Being held in conjunction with WWW 2013, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

February 3, 2013

[Neo4j] FOSDEM 2013 summary

Filed under: Conferences,Graphs,Neo4j — Patrick Durusau @ 6:59 pm

FOSDEM 2013 summary by Peter Neubauer.

Peter mentions the following Neo4j related projects:

See his post for other details.

January 26, 2013

*SEM 2013 […Independence to be Semantically Diverse]

Filed under: Conferences,Natural Language Processing,Semantics — Patrick Durusau @ 1:41 pm

*SEM 2013 : The 2nd Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics

Dates:

When Jun 13, 2013 – Jun 14, 2013
Where Atlanta GA, USA
Submission Deadline Mar 15, 2013
Notification Due Apr 12, 2013
Final Version Due Apr 21, 2013

From the call:

The main goal of *SEM is to provide a stable forum for the growing number of NLP researchers working on different aspects of semantic processing, which has been scattered over a large array of small workshops and conferences.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Formal and linguistic semantics
  • Cognitive aspects of semantics
  • Lexical semantics
  • Semantic aspects of morphology and semantic processing of morphologically rich languages
  • Semantic processing at the sentence level
  • Semantic processing at the discourse level
  • Semantic processing of non-propositional aspects of meaning
  • Textual entailment
  • Multiword expressions
  • Multilingual semantic processing
  • Social media and linguistic semantics

*SEM 2013 will feature a distinguished panel on Deep Language Understanding.

*SEM 2013 hosts the shared task on Semantic Textual Similarity.

Another workshop to join the array of “…small workshops and conferences.” 😉

Not a bad thing. Communities grow up around conferences and people you will see at one are rarely at others.

Diversity of communities, dare I say semantics?, isn’t a bad thing. It is a reflection of our diversity and we should stop beating ourselves up over it.

Our machines are capable of being uniformly monotonous. But that is because they lack the independence to be diverse on their own.

Why would anyone want to emulate being a machine?

January 25, 2013

.Astronomy 5

Filed under: Astroinformatics,Conferences — Patrick Durusau @ 8:16 pm

Come to Cambridge For .Astronomy 5

From the post:

We’re happy to announce that you can now sign up for .Astronomy 5! Our fifth event will be hosted by Harvard’s Seamless Astronomy group at Microsoft’s NERD Center in Cambridge, MA, USA. Mark your diary, iCal, Google Calendar (or whatever system you’ve rigged up to wrangle Twitter into being your PA) for the date: September 16-18, 2013. We’ll be collecting together 50 attendees for a three-day conference, unconference and hack day: all about astronomy online!

Sign up will be slightly different this year, mainly to avoid a race to fill up limited spaces. We limit .Astronomy to roughly 50 people: a number that we find is large enough to inspire productive group work, and that everyone can contribute, but not so large that participants can hide in anonymity. So this year we’re opening up this sign up form today, and will keep it open until February. At that point we’ll pick 50 people based on the information on the forms received, to try and produce the most varied and awesome event yet. We want to ensure a good mix of new people and old hands – as well as good representation of all the different skills participants bring with them.

We’ll post further information about the event as we have it, such as the estimated registration fee (we aim to keep this low) and keynote speakers. If you have any questions about the signup process, then drop us a line. For updates, follow this site or keep an eye on the .Astronomy 5 information page at http://dotastronomy.com/events/five.

Jim Gray (MS) was reported to like astronomy data sets because they were big and free.

Are you interested in really “big data?”

This may be the conference for you.

January 23, 2013

Strata 2013

Filed under: BigData,Conferences,Information Science — Patrick Durusau @ 7:40 pm

Strata 2013

Feb. 26-28, 2013
Santa Clara, CA

From the website:

The breadth and depth of expertise at Strata is unsurpassed—with over 120 speakers and 100 presentations and events, you’ll find solutions to your most pressing data issues. The conference program covers strategy, technology, and policy:

  • Data-driven Business: Solve some of today’s thorniest business problems with big data, new interfaces, and the advent of ubiquitous computing.
  • Big Data for Enterprise IT: Create big data strategy, manage your first project, demystify vendor solutions, and understand how big data differs from BI.
  • Beyond Hadoop: Dive deep into Cassandra, Storm, Drill, and other emerging technologies.
  • Connected World: Explore the implications—and opportunities—as low-cost networks and sensors create an ever-connected world.
  • Data Science: Immerse yourself inside the world of data practictioners—from the hard science of new algorithms to cultural change and teambuilding.
  • Design: Make data matter with highly effective user experiences, using new interfaces, interactivity, and visualization.
  • Hadoop in Practice: Get practical lessons, integration tricks, and a glimpse of the road ahead.
  • Law, Ethics, and Open Data: Tackle the biggest issues in compliance, governance, and ethics in the era of open data and heightened privacy concerns.

OK, it’s not Balisage (Markup Olympics (Balisage) [No Drug Testing])) but it isn’t in August/Montreal either. 😉

Still, a great gathering of data/information folk, if more general than Balisage.

January 19, 2013

Federal Big Data Forum

Filed under: BigData,Conferences,Intelligence,Security — Patrick Durusau @ 7:07 pm

Are you architecting sensemaking solutions in the national security space? Register for 30 Jan Federal Big Data Forum sponsored by Cloudera by Bob Gourley.

From the post:

Friends at Cloudera are lead sponsors and coordinators of a new Big Data Forum focused on Apache Hadoop. The first, which will be held 30 January 2013 in Columbia Maryland, will be focused on lessons learned of use to the national security community. This is primarily for practitioners and leaders fielding real working Big Data solutions on Apache Hadoop and related technologies. I’ve seen a draft agenda, it includes a lineup of the nation’s greatest Big Data technologists, including the chairman of the Apache Software foundation and creator of Hadoop, Lucene and Nutch Doug Cutting.

This event is intentionally being focused on real practitioners and others who can benefit from lessons learned by those who have created/fielded real enterprise solutions. This will fill up fast. Please mark you calendar now and register right away. To register see: http://info.cloudera.com/federal-big-data-hadoop-forum.html

Bob’s post also has the invite.

I won’t be able to attend but would love to hear from anyone who does. Thanks!

January 18, 2013

Similarity Search and Applications

Filed under: Conferences,Similarity,Similarity Retrieval — Patrick Durusau @ 7:17 pm

International Conference on Similarity Search and Applications (SISAP 2013)

From the webpage:

The International Conference on Similarity Search and Applications (SISAP) is an annual forum for researchers and application developers in the area of similarity data management. It aims at the technological problems shared by numerous application domains, such as data mining, information retrieval, computer vision, pattern recognition, computational biology, geography, biometrics, machine learning, and many others that need similarity searching as a necessary supporting service.

The SISAP initiative (www.sisap.org) aims to become a forum to exchange real-world, challenging and innovative examples of applications, new indexing techniques, common test-beds and benchmarks, source code and up-to-date literature through its web page, serving the similarity search community. Traditionally, SISAP puts emphasis on the distance-based searching, but in general the conference concerns both the effectiveness and efficiency aspects of any similarity search problem.

Dates:

Paper submission: April 2013
Notification: June 2013
Final version: July 2013
Conference: October 2, 3, and 4, 2013

The specific topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Similarity queries – k-NN, range, reverse NN, top-k, etc.
  • Similarity operations – joins, ranking, classification, categorization, filtering, etc.
  • Evaluation techniques for similarity queries and operations
  • Merging/combining multiple similarity modalities
  • Cost models and analysis for similarity data processing
  • Scalability issues and high-performance similarity data management
  • Feature extraction for similarity-based data findability
  • Test collections and benchmarks
  • Performance studies, benchmarks, and comparisons
  • Similarity Search over outsourced data repositories
  • Similarity search cloud services
  • Languages for similarity databases
  • New modes of similarity for complex data understanding
  • Applications of similarity-based operations
  • Image, video, voice, and music (multimedia) retrieval systems
  • Similarity for forensics and security

You should be able to find one or more topics that interest you. 😉

How similar must two or more references to an entity be before they are identifying the same entity?

Or for that matter, is similarity an association between two or more references?

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